向绿色挺进的建筑编辑本段回目录
今日的建筑设计，除却结构、外观、功能以外，“环保绿色”已经逐渐成为新的议题被列入建筑招标的考虑范围之中。在保持景观性外观的同时，还要节省土地、水等日益看紧的资源，同时对能源的更为合理的利用，这些都是“绿色建筑”的标准。
2008奥运会场馆在涂料上运用30吨环氧涂料，可见中国已经日益在建筑建造过程中已经逐渐考虑到这些状况。对于其内部，我们还要拭目以待，但其实在上世纪末，环保建筑工程已经有所端倪了。
纽约：Conde Nast Building
建筑商：Fox&Fowle，1999
纽约城大名鼎鼎的时代广场上，伫立着这座被称为“史上最早绿色建筑之一”的Conde Nast Building，Vogue杂志、Glamour杂志与GQ杂志的出版总部就驻扎在里面。楼里一道繁复的回收利用网络全部最终通向高耸入云的48层。两个燃料电池全部使用天然气，而摒弃传统的化学燃料，产生的电力被用来供应大楼的晚间用电，其中的5%也用来参与白天的运作。剩余的天然气还将被输送用作大楼供暖和烧水。
同时，特殊材料制成的窗户玻璃还能够过滤日光中的紫外线辐射，但并不妨碍采光。只是，从其外观照片看来，似乎当时对于城市大楼光污染的问题并没有充分考虑到。
建筑商：Foster and Parners，2004
伦敦人形象地称Swiss Re Tower为“腌黄瓜”（ the Gherkin），因为它的形状确实如同一根小黄瓜似的插入天际。入驻大厦的全球再保险公司很早就已经就气候变化的危机向世界提出过呼吁，在这座建筑里，它则融入了更为具体的观念。
这座180米高的锥形玻璃建筑的底层是一个集餐厅、商场和咖啡馆于一身的广场，它的位置也离公共交通运输点只有几步远，但是耗能却约为相似规模大楼的50%。螺旋向上的进光孔帮助建筑内部的空气流通，自然光遍及40层楼的各个位置，外部气候传感器时刻监督着建筑外部温度、风速和日照等级，按照数据和需要调低放入建筑光以及开窗放入空气。
布伊诺斯埃里斯：Edificio Malecon
建筑商：Hok Sustainable Design,1999
这幢12层的大楼可以说在布伊诺斯是最具有试验性和先进性的一幢大楼了。它建筑在一片废弃的工业园地里面，这片土地据说也经过了再生再造（许多的工业土地都会因为过度污染而面临难以再开发的危机），整幢楼完全体现了资源抵消再利用的精神：泊车库建筑在一个19世纪仓库的基础上。大楼的形状长而薄，面向东方背靠西方，然后避免在一年最热的时候受到日照过多而导致大楼楼体过热，同时机械化的遮阳棚和窗户遮挡多余的阳光，并且接受附近河流吹过来的凉风。
绿色播报对建筑充分利用土地是非常赞赏的，不过，既然当地日照比较充裕，何不进一步开发太阳能的节能方式？这个问题值得进行思考。
Renzo Piano的绿色屋顶编辑本段回目录
前几日，我们介绍了高技派建筑大师Norman Foster在西伯利亚的生态建筑的尝试，而另一位高技派大师Renzo Piano也献上了他新近的生态建筑作品。这座建筑位于旧金山，是新的加州科学院大楼。大楼最突出的特征就是其布满植物的波浪状屋顶，但对于这栋建筑而言，屋顶不仅仅是巨型的屋顶绿化项目，它还具有一定的功能。
首先，屋顶能承受两百万加仑的雨水，将其变成径流，可进行循环利用。此外，屋顶还能起到绝缘、改善空气质量的作用，在使用时，其维护成本也极为低廉。对于室内空间来说，波形屋顶将不同的功能区间联系起来，美化展示空间。而对于建筑所处的环境而言，波形屋顶可以理解成“山”的形状，与建筑四周的群山相互呼应。室内和室外通过屋顶就完全交融在了一起。
建筑减少了对通风和室内制冷设备的依赖。展示空间将主要利用自然通风，而屋顶的优势再次凸显，在有风的时候，波浪形状容易在空间顶部形成负压，从而利于室内空气对流的形成。
除了屋顶外，这座生态建筑还采用了最为尖端的节能手段，尽量提纲能源利用效率，如利用自然光，使用生态燃料，甚至是水循环处理技术。新大楼将于2008年向公众开放，包括了一座水族馆和天文馆，以及若干展示空间。
之前，绿色播报IF Green中，介绍过高技派建筑师Renzo Piano在美国旧金山的绿色建筑项目。当时还只是纸上的建筑，现在补上几张图。这幢建筑将于今年秋天正式开放。
Norman Foster的绿色大厦
高技派建筑大师Norman Foster（诺曼·福斯特）将在世界最偏远的一隅西伯利亚再试宝刀。只是这次的建筑更多地融合了前卫的绿色建筑技术，从某种程度上对高技术的应用有所节制。这个项目刚刚发布，是一座位于西伯利亚Khanty Mansyisk的生态摩天大厦，高达280米。与Foster在哈萨克斯坦修建的娱乐大厦一样，惊人的建筑将摩天美学与高技术和前卫的环保科技结合到了一起。
大楼包括生活、工作和休闲等功能，其有所节制的设计主要表现在最低程度地降低了建筑对环境的负面影响，并考虑到了西伯利亚当地恶劣的气候条件。这座高280米的大楼外表覆盖了大量的小块玻璃，这是Foster过去很少采用的方式，一定程度上牺牲了高技美学。但之所以采用这一设计，主要是为了尽量增加冬日的室内采光。这座大厦中心是朝南的中庭。从绿色建筑的标准来看，这一设计能最大限度地获得日照，降低建筑对人工照明的依赖，并有利于冬日保暖。此外，中庭结构还能减轻建筑自重。
大厦集合了住宅、写字楼、酒店和零售项目等多种业态形式，塔顶则是壮观的观景平台和一家餐厅。[来源：Inhabitat]
名不副实的绿色建筑编辑本段回目录
米雷亚·纳瓦罗著 huiqingduan@yahoo.com.cn 译
The Federal Building in downtown Youngstown, Ohio, features an extensive use of natural light to illuminate offices and a white roof to reflect heat.
坐落于俄亥俄州扬斯敦市的联邦大楼以广泛利用自然光为办公室照明，并具有白色屋顶反射热为特征。
It has LEED certification, the country’s most recognized of approval for green buildings.
它获得能源与环境建筑认证系统（LEED）认证，即该国认可度最高的绿色建筑认证。
But the building is hardly a model of energy efficiency. According to an environmental assessment last year, it did not score high enough to qualify for the Energy Star label granted by the Environmental Protection Agency, which ranks buildings after looking at a year’s worth of utility bills.
但是这座大楼很难说是有效利用能源的范例。根据去年的一份环境评估报告，它并没有获得足够分数取得环境保护署颁发的节能之星称号。结果审查建筑物一年的水电等公用事业收费账单后，该署对它们进行评级。
The building’s cooling system, a major gas guzzler, was one culprit. Another was its design: to get its LEED label, it racked up points for things like native landscaping rather than structural energy-saving features, according to a study by the General Services Administration, which owns the building.
据该大楼业主总务署的一份研究报告披露，这座大楼的冷却系统，也就是消耗气体最多的系统，乃是罪魁祸首。另一个因素是设计方面：为取得能源与环境建筑认证标志，它把自然环境设计等方面的得分，而不是结构方面的节能特征得分积累起来，以取得认证。
Builders covet LEED certification — it stands for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design — as a way to gain tax credits, attract tenants, charge premium rents and project an image of environmental responsibility. But the gap between design and construction, which LEED certifies, and how some buildings actually perform led the program last week to announce that it would begin collecting information about energy use from all the buildings it certifies.
建筑商们垂涎能源与环境建筑认证书——因为它代表了能源和环境设计方面的领导地位——把它作为获得税收抵免，吸引客户，收取地价租金和把自己设计成具有环保责任的美好形象。但设计和能源与环境建筑认证系统所认证的建筑之间的差距，以及某些建筑的实际表现，导致该项目上周宣布，它将收集它所认证的所有建筑物的能源使用方面的信息。
Buildings would provide the information voluntarily, said officials with the United States Green Building Council, the nonprofit organization that administers the LEED program, and the data would be kept confidential. But starting this year, the program also is requiring all newly constructed buildings to provide energy and water bills for the first five years of operation as a condition for certification. The label could be rescinded if the data is not produced, the officials said.
主管能源与环境建筑认证项目的非营利组织美国绿色建筑委员会的官员说，各建筑将自愿提供信息，数据保密。但从今年起，这个项目还要求所有新建的建筑提供投入使用后头五年的能源和水费清单，作为取得认证的条件。官员们说，如果不提供数据，将取消称号。
The council’s own research suggests that a quarter of the new buildings that have been certified do not save as much energy as their designs predicted and that most do not track energy consumption once in use. And the program has been under attack from architects, engineers and energy experts who argue that because building performance is not tracked, the certification may be falling short in reducing emissions tied to global warming.
该委员会自己进行的研究表明，获得认证的四分之一的新建筑并没有和设计预计的那样节能，大多数建筑在投入使用后也没有密切跟踪能源消费。该项目已遭到建筑师、工程师和能源专家的抨击，他们说，因为没有跟踪建筑性能，在减少与全球变暖相关的气体排放方面，该认证也许达不到标准。
Some experts have contended that the seal should be withheld until a building proves itself energy efficient, which is the cornerstone of what makes a building green, and that energy-use data from every rated building should be made public.
一些专家认为，除非建筑物证明自己节能（也就是成为绿色建筑的基本条件），证书将被扣留；按等级划分的每座建筑的能源使用数据应当公开。
“The plaque should be installed with removable screws,” said Henry Gifford, an energy consultant in New York City. “Once the plaque is glued on, there’s no incentive to do better.”
“这种标志应该用可拆卸的螺丝钉安装，”纽约市能源顾问亨利·吉福德说。“一旦粘帖上标志后，就没有上进的动力。”
Scot Horst, the council’s senior vice president for its certification program, said that any changes in the process would have to be made by consensus to ensure that the building industry would comply. Already, some construction lawyers have said that owners might face additional risk of lawsuits if buildings are found to underperform.
该委员会负责认证项目的资深副总裁斯格特·豪斯特说，这个过程中的任何变化将由各方一致同意做出决定，以确保建筑业遵守执行。一些建筑律师曾经说过，如果发现建筑物性能不够好，业主会面临另外诉讼的风险。
The council is planning several meetings with builders, owners, developers and others around the country in September and October to promote its building performance initiative, which could lead to further revisions in the rating program to ensure buildings reduce energy consumption as much as they can.
该委员会正计划于9月和19月召开几次由建筑商、业主、开发商及国内其他人参加的会议，以宣传建筑性能方案，该方案将促成对评级项目进行进一步修改，以确保建筑物尽可能减少能耗
Mr. Horst called the issue of performance one of his “absolute priorities.”
豪斯特把性能问题称作自己的“绝对头等大事”之一。
“If you’re not reducing carbon, you’re not doing your job,” he said.
“如果不能减少碳的排放，就是失职，”他说。
The LEED label, developed by the council in 1998 to have a third-party verification of a building’s environmental soundness, certifies new homes, schools and other buildings, as well as existing ones. (The certification for existing buildings is the only one currently tied to energy performance.) Its oldest and largest program, in terms of square footage, is the certification of new commercial and institutional buildings, with 1,946 projects already certified and 15,000 more that have applied for certification. Many other buildings include environmentally friendly features and advertise themselves as “green” but do not seek the LEED label.
由该委员会于1998年研发，需要第三方对建筑物环境的完好性进行认证的这种能源与环境建筑认证标志，对新家园、学校及其他建筑（也包括现有建筑）进行认证。（对现有建筑的认证是目前唯一有关于能源消耗的。）它最早和面积上最大的项目是对新商业兼机关大楼的认证，已认证1,946个项目，还有15,000个项目已经申请认证。其他很多建筑具有环保特点，公告宣传声称是“绿色”建筑，但并没获得能源与环境建筑认证标志。
The program uses a point system based on a broad checklist of features and buildings can be certified by accumulating points on not just efficient energy use but also water conservation, proximity to public transportation, indoor air quality and use of environment-friendly materials.
这个项目应用一种分数体系，该体系基于对各种性能进行全面检查，各建筑物通过累积包括有效利用能源方面的得分，和节水、公交运输的便利程度、室内空气质量及环保材料等方面的得分获得认证。
Council officials say that these other categories also help reduce energy use and emissions. And many architects and engineers praise the comprehensiveness of the label. But the wide scope of the program, many in the industry point out, also means that buildings have been able to get certified by accumulating most of their points through features like bamboo flooring, while paying little attention to optimizing energy use.
委员会的官员说，其他类别也有助于降低能耗和排放。很多建筑师和工程师称赞该认证的广泛性。但是，业界许多人士指出，项目范围的广度也意味着各建筑可以这样取得认证，即通过积累用竹木铺地板等方面的得分，而无需十分注意优化能源利用。
Another problem is that the certification relies on energy models to predict how much energy a planned building will use, but council officials and many experts agree that such models are inexact. Once a building opens, it may use more energy than was predicted by the design. And how a building is used — how many occupants it has, for example — affects its energy consumption.
另一个问题是，认证依赖于能量模型预测计划建筑将使用的能耗，但委员会官员说和许多专家认为，这种模型并不精密。一旦大楼投入使用，它要消耗比原来设计预测的多得多的能量。
“If the occupants don’t turn off the lights, the building doesn’t do as well as expected,” said Mark Frankel, technical director for the New Buildings Institute, which promotes improved energy performance in new commercial construction and conducted the research commissioned by the Green Building Council on LEED buildings.
“如果楼房用户不关灯，大楼能耗将不如预期的好，”新建筑研究院的技术主管马克·弗兰科尔说。这个研究院在新的商业性建设方面推行改良能耗，并受绿色建筑委员会之托对能源与环境建筑认证体系认证的建筑进行了研究。
“In the real world, the mechanical systems may have problems, so that increases energy use,” Mr. Frankel said, adding that keeping track of energy use is rarely a priority for owners.
“在现实世界中，力学系统会出现问题，这将增加能耗，”弗兰克尔先生说，同时补充道，很少有业主把跟踪能耗当作头等事。
LEED energy standards have grown more stringent over the years, and construction like the Youngstown federal building, built in 2002, would not be certified under the current version of the program, the G.S.A. study noted. The LEED standard goes through periodic revisions, and this year, the minimum energy requirements needed for the basic LEED certification for new buildings were raised.
多年来，能源与环境建筑认证体系能耗标准一直很严格，总务署的研究报告说，按照当前的项目版本像2002年修建的扬斯敦市联邦大楼将得不到认证。能源与环境建筑认证体系标准定期修改。今年提出了新建筑获得能源与环境建筑认证基本条件的最低能耗要求。
But in its own study last year of 121 new buildings certified through 2006, the Green Building Council found that more than half — 53 percent — did not qualify for the Energy Star label and 15 percent scored below 30 in that program, meaning they used more energy per square foot than at least 70 percent of comparable buildings in the existing national stock.
但在一份关于2006年认证的121座新建筑物的研究报告中，绿色建筑委员会发现一半多（53%）不符合节能之星标准，15%得分低于30分，也即意味着每平方英尺的能耗比全国现有同类建筑至少高70%。
Anecdotal information from follow-up research to that study indicated that the best-performing buildings had limited window areas and tended to be smaller.
从该研究的后续研究得到的轶事般的信息表明，性能最好的建筑的窗子占用面积有限，趋于小型。
Sometimes, a building’s inhabitants are the first to notice energy-wasting features.
有时，是大楼住户首先注意到能耗大的特点。
At the Octagon, a LEED-certified residential rental building on Roosevelt Island in New York City, residents like Alan Siegal say that obvious energy savers, like motion sensors in the hallway, are hard to miss.
在奥特根（也就是由能源与环境建筑认证体系认证的一座位于纽约市罗斯福岛的租住楼），像阿兰·西格尔等居民说，明显的节能装置（比如走廊中的运动传感器）是不会遗漏的。
But Mr. Siegal, 59, a customs service broker, said his three-bedroom apartment has floor-to-ceiling glass windows that offer great views but also strong drafts.
但现年59岁的海关业务代理人西格尔先生说，他的三居室楼房从地面到天花板都是玻璃窗，不仅可以一览窗外风景，通风也很好。
“If there’s a lot of glass, is that going to be efficient?” he asked.
“如果玻璃很多，那是否很有效？”他问。
Bruce Becker, whose company Becker and Becker Associates developed and owns the Octagon, said that the windows offer day lighting but conceded that there were plenty of opportunities to become more energy efficient. He said the Octagon would soon switch to a fuel cell system for heat and electricity, partly to cut energy costs at a time of a depressed rental market.
开发并拥有奥特根的贝克尔联盟公司的布鲁斯·贝克尔说，窗子能够提供日光照明，但是他承认，节能的方式有很多。他说，奥特根不久将使用燃料电池系统供热和发电，以便在楼房租赁市场低迷的情况下部分地降低能耗。
Mr. Horst, the LEED executive, said that LEED may eventually move toward the E.P.A.’s Energy Star model, which attests to energy efficiency only for the year the label was given, similar to restaurant ratings.
能源与环境建筑认证体系董事豪斯特先生说，能源与环境建筑认证体系最终也许会采用环保署的节能之星模式，该模式仅证明标志授予年份的能源效率，这就像饭店的评级一样。
“Ultimately, where we want to be is, once you’re performing at a certain level, you continue to be recertified,” Mr. Horst said.
豪斯特先生说：“最终，我们的目标是，一旦你达到某种水平，你就睡继续得到认证。
