国内大事记回目录
China’s Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issues new guidelines for registering a .cn top-level domain. Under the new guidelines, individuals will be required to meet with regulators and submit identity cards and photos of themselves before registering a new domain.
国外大事记回目录
1996
The single largest online event in history, “24 Hours in Cyberspace,” takes place. Coordinatedby photographer Rick Smolan, the project’s goal is to capture photos representing a day in the life of internet users around the world in order to demonstrate the tremendous impact the internet has on their lives. Photos are taken and sent digitally to editors working in real-time to choose the best to be be posted to the project’s website, cyber24.com. The website receives more than four million hits in the twenty-four hours in which it takes place. A photographic exhibition will be unveiled at the Smithsonian Institution’s NationalMuseum of American History on January 23, 1997, featuring 70 photos from the project.
U.S. President Bill Clinton signs the Communications Decency Act into law. The Act amends the Telecommunications Act of 1996 in the first attempt by the U.S. Congress to regulate pornographic content on the Internet. While the law is intended to protect children from obscene material, the Act causes a widespread uproar among legal advocated and media pundits who argue that its vague language violates the first amendment right to free speech. Many web masters protest by changing their website’s background to solid black, blacking out their site altogether, or displaying displaying blue ribbon icons downloaded from the Electronic Frontier Foundation(EFF). The day is dubbed “Black Thursday” in the press. On June 12, a panel of Federal judges will block enforcement of the Communications Decency Act as the result of a lawsuit brought by fifty-seven plaintiffs, including Bill Gates“>Bill Gates.
1998
Fifteen websites, including Rebel Tech, TextScape, and Web Signal are hacked by “Bill Gates Hackers”. View an archived version of the defaced websites.
Twenty-three websites, including All Pets go to Heaven, Cyber Secret, and Everything Pages are hacked by “bR41N c4nDy”. View an archived version of the defaced websites.
The website of Century Die Company is hacked by “Lord-Acid & |razor|”. View an archived version of the defaced website.
The website of Danehip Entertainment is hacked by “Lord-Acid & |razor|”. View an archived version of the defaced website.
The website of Innovative Tech Works is hacked by “TechVoodoo Crew”. View an archived version of the defaced website.
The website of Nuvocom is hacked by “No|d Crew”. View an archived version of the defaced website.
The website of Thermocrete is hacked by “JF_”, also known as “Josh Freedaleman” of the “CoF” crew. View an archived version of the defaced website.
The website of Uniformed Services University of the Health, a military server, is hacked by “No|d Crew”. View an archived version of the defaced website.
1999
Idealab founder Bill Gross announces that his company will offer to send ten thousand qualified applicants a free computers. The computers are 333MHz Compaq Presariocomputers complete with fifteen inch monitors. The computers are financed withadvertisements displayed on their screen as they browse the Internet. Visit the official Idealab website.
2000
Several prominent websites experience outages for several hours due to denial of service attack (DoS) attacks launched by an unknown hackers who will later be revealed to be a fifteen year old Montreal high school student named Michael Calce using the handle “Mafiaboy“. Buy.com is hit at 10:50am and receives up to twenty-four times the normal amount of hits until after 2pm. At 3:20pm, eBay.com is hit hard and disables the site for the rest of the day. At 4pm CNN.com is hit with attacks that continue for four hours. At 5pm, Amazon.com is targeted, as well. The teen will be charged with two counts of mischief to data on April 19, 2000. After pleading guilty, Mafiaboy will later be sentenced to eight months in a youth detention center.
2004
Version 2.0.40 of the Linux operating system is released. Visit the official Linux website.
大事详解回目录
约翰·冯·诺伊曼（匈牙利语：Neumann János；英语：John von Neumann，1903年12月28日－1957年2月8日）是出生于匈牙利的美国籍犹太人数学家，现代计算机创始人之一。他在计算机科学、经济、物理学中的量子力学及几乎所有数学领域都作过重大贡献。
生平
冯·诺伊曼是Neumann Miksa和Kann Margit的三个孩子中最大的一个。小时候外号“Jancsi”的他已经显出惊人的记忆力：六岁已能用古希腊语同父亲闲谈，还可以心算八位数除法。年少的他不但对数学很有兴趣，亦喜欢阅读历史、社会的书籍，读过的书籍和论文能很快一句不漏地将内容复述出来，而且多年以后仍是如此。1913年，父亲买了一个爵位，诺伊曼得到德国名von，成为János von Neumann。
1926年以22岁的年龄获得了布达佩斯大学数学博士学位，相继在柏林大学和汉堡大学担任数学讲师。1930年接受了普林斯顿大学客座教授的职位，初来美国时，他在纽约对当地居民表演过默记电话簿的惊人记忆力，1931年成为该校终身教授。1933年转到该校的高级研究所，与爱因斯坦等人成为六教授之一，不须上课。这一年，他解决了希尔伯特第5个问题，证明了局部欧几里得紧群是李群。1937年成为美国公民，1938年获颁博修奖（Bôcher Memorial Prize），一生结过两次婚，冯·诺伊曼是个不重视生活细节的人，他在一间房子住上多年，有一次却心事忡忡的问老婆杯子放在哪里。1954年任美国原子能委员会委员。1954年夏天，右肩受伤，手术时发现患有骨癌，治疗期间，依然参加每周三次的原子能委员会会议，甚至美国国防部长，陆、海、空三军参谋长聚集在病房开会。1957年2月8日，在华盛顿德里医院去世。晚年，有学生请教他做事的方法，他说：“简单”（simple）。1994年被授予美国国家基础科学奖。
量子力学
冯·诺伊曼认为，量子理论是普遍有效的，不仅适用于微观粒子世界，也适用于现实的测量仪器。1932年约翰·冯·诺伊曼将量子力学的最重要的基础严谨地公式化。按照诺伊曼的一个物理系统有三个主要部分：其量子态、其可观察量和其动力学（即其发展趋势），此外物理对称性也是一个非常重要的特性。冯·诺伊曼的量子力学教科书《量子力学的数学基础》首次以数理分析清晰地提出了波函数的两类演化过程。
瞬时的、非连续的波函数坍缩过程，
波函数的连续演化过程，遵循薛定谔方程
计算机之父
参考存储程序型计算机
1945年6月，冯·诺伊曼与戈德斯坦、勃克斯等人，联名发表了一篇长达101页纸的报告，即计算机史上著名的“101页报告”，是现代计算机科学发展里程碑式的文献。明确规定用二进制替代十进制运算，并将计算机分成五大组件，这一卓越的思想为电子计算机的逻辑结构设计奠定了基础，已成为计算机设计的基本原则。1951年，EDVAC计算机宣告完成。由于他在计算机逻辑结构设计上的伟大贡献，他被誉为“计算机之父”。
经济学
在经济学领域，1944年冯·诺伊曼与奥斯卡·摩根施特恩合著的巨作《博弈论与经济行为》出版，标志着现代系统博弈理论的的初步形成。他被称为“博弈论之父”。博弈论被认为是20世纪经济学最伟大的成果之一。
有两个奖项以他为名：
INFORMS的冯·诺伊曼理论奖
IEEE的IEEE冯·诺伊曼奖
